Abstract
Population:
68,402,000 (2024)
Proportion of employees in unions:
10.8% (2016)
Collective bargaining coverage:
98.0% (2018)
Principal level of collective bargaining:
industry but some issues through company bargaining
Workplace representation:
unions and works councils (CSE)
Board-level representation:
private and public sector
Representation at European level:
chosen by unions
Health and safety representation:
existing structure plus specialist committees

Produced by

Lionel Fulton (2025) National Industrial Relations, an update. Labour Research Department and European Trade Union Institute. Online publication available at https://www.worker-participation.eu/national-industrial-relations